In this paper, the current knowledge about Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is presented. MIH is defmed as hypomineralization of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars frequently associated with affected incisors and these molars are related to major clinical problems in severe cases. The prevalence of MIH in the different studies ranges from 3.6-25% and seems to differ in certain regions and birth cohorts. Several aetiological factors (for example, frequent childhood diseases) are mentioned as the cause of the defect. Children at risk should be monitored very carefully during the period of eruption of their first permanent molars. Treatment planning should consider the long-term prognosis of these teeth.
Reid DJ, Dean MC. Variation in modern human enamel formation times. J Hum Evol. 2006;50:329-46.
Simmer JP, Papagerakis P, Smith CE, Fisher DC, Rountrey AN, Zheng L, Hu JC. Regulation of dental enamel shape and hardness. J Dent Res. 2010;89: 1024-38.
Mahoney P. Two dimensional patterns of human enamel thickness on deciduous (dm1, dm2) and permanent first (M1) mandibular molars. Arch Oral Bioi. 2010;55: 115-26.
FDI Commission on Oral Health Research & Epidemiology. A review of the developmental defects of enamel index (DDE Index). Commission on Oral Health, Research & Epidemiology. Report of an FDIWorking Group. Int Dent J. 1992;42:411-26.
Sabel N, Klingberg G, Dietz W, Nietzsche S, Noren JG. Polarized light and scanning electron microscopic investigation of enamel hypoplasia in primary teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2010;20:31-6.
Weerheijm KL, Jalevik B, Alaluusua S. Molar-incisor h ypomineral ization. Caries Res 200 1; 3 5: 390-391.
Jalevik B, Noren JG. Enamel hypomineralization of permanent first molars: A morphological study and survey of possible aetiological factors. Int J Paediatr Dent 2000; 10:278-289.
Fearne J, Anderson P, Davis GR. 3D X-ray microscopic study of the extent of variations in enamel density in first permanent molars with idiopathic enamel hypomineralization. Br Dent J 2004; 196:634-638.
Koch G, Hallonsten AL, Ludvigsson N, Hansson BO, Holst A, Ullbro C. Epidemiologic study of idiopathic enamel hypomineralization in permanent teeth of Swedish children. Community Dent Oral Epidimiol 1987; 15:279-285.
Croll TP. Creating the appearance of white enamel dysmineralization with bonded resins. J Esthet Dent 1991;3:30- 33.
Holtta P, Kiviranta H, Leppaniemi A, Vartiainen T, Lukinmaa PL, Alaluusua S. Developmental dental defects in children who reside by a river polluted by dioxins and furans. Arch Environ Health 2001; 56:522- 528.
Leppaniemi A, Lukinmaa PL, Alaluusua S. Nonfluoride hypomineralizations in the permanent first molars and their impact on the treatment need. Caries Res 2001;35:36-40.
van Amerongen WE, Kreulen CM. Cheese molars: A pilot study of the etiology of hypocalcifications in first permanent molars. J Dent Child 1995;62:266-269.
Weerheijm KL, Groen HJ, Beentjes VE, Poorterman JH. Prevalence of cheese molars in 11-year-old Dutch children. J Dent Child 2001; 68:259-262.
Wright JT, Hall K, Yamauchi M. The protein composition of normal and developmentally defective enamel. Ciba Found Symp 1997;205:85-99, 106
Jalevik B, Klingberg GA. Dental treatment, dental fear and behaviour management problems in children with severe enamel hypomineralization of their permanent first molars. Int J Paediatr Dent 2002 Jan; 12(1):24-32.
Lygidakis NA, Dimou G, Marinou D, Gouva G. Aetiology of Molar-incisor Hypomineralization. A retrospective study of 151 children with the defect [abstract]. Barcelona, Spain: 7th Congress of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry; 2004.
Seow WK. Clinical diagnosis of enamel defects: Pitfalls and practical guidelines. Int Dent J 1997;47: 173-182.
Hall R. The prevalence of developmental defects of tooth enamel (DDE) in a paediatric hospital department of dentistry population (part I). Adv Dent Res 1989;3: 114-119.
Pascoe L, Seow WK. Enamel hypoplasia and dental caries in Australian Aboriginal children: Prevalence and correlation between the two diseases. Pediatr Dent 1994; 16:193-199.
Seow WK. Enamel hypoplasia in the primary dentition: a review. J Dent Child 1991;58:441-452.
Martinez A, Cubillos P, Jimenez M, Brethauer U, Catalan P, Gonzalez U. Prevalence of developmental enamel defects in mentally retarded children. J Dent Child 2002;69: 151-155.
Kirkham J, Robinson C, Strafford SM, Shore RC, Bonass WA, Brookes SJ, Wright JT. The chemical composition of tooth enamel in junctional epidermolysis bullosa. Arch Oral Bioi 2000;45:377-386.
Seow WK. A study of the development of the permanent dentition in very low birthweight children. Pediatr Dent 1996; 18:379-384.
Aine L, Backstrom MC, Maki R, Kuusela AL, Koivisto AM, Ikonen RS, Maki M. Enamel defects in primary and permanent teeth of children born prematurely. J Oral Pathol Oral Med 2000;29:403-409.
Seow WK. Effects of preterm birth on oral growth and development. Aust Dent J 1997;42:85-91.
Aine L, Backstrom MC, Maki R, Kuusela AL, Koivisto AM, Ikonen RS, Maki M. Enamel defects in primary and permanent teeth of children born prematurely. J Oral Pathol Oral Med 2000;29:403-409.
Alaluusua S, Lukinmaa PL, Vartiainen T, Partanen M, Torppa J, Tuomisto J. Polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans via mother's milk may cause developmental defects in the child's teeth. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 1996; 1:193-197.
Alaluusua S, Lukinmaa PL, Koskimies M, Pirinen S, Holtta P, Kallio M, Holttinen T, Salmenpera L. Developmental dental defects associated with long breast-feeding. Eur J Oral Sci 1996; 104:493-497.
Jan J, Vrbic V. Polychlorinated biphenyls cause developmental enamel defects in children. Caries Res 2000; 34:469-4 73.
Alaluusua S, Lukinmaa PL, Vartiainen T, Partanen M, Torppa J, Tuomisto J. Polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans via mother's milk may cause developmental defects in the child's teeth. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 1996; 1:193-197.
Gao Y, Sahlberg C, Kiukkonen A, Alaluusua S, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J, Lukinmaa PL. Lactational exposure of Han/Wistar rats to 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorobenzo- p-dioxin interferes with enamel maturation and retards dentin mineralization. J Dent Res 2004;83: 139-144
Vanessa William, DCiin Dent1 Louise B Messer, Michael F Burrow. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Review and Recommendations for Clinical Management. Pediatric Dentistry -28:3 2006.
Jalevik B, Klingberg GA. Dental treatment, dental fear and behaviour management problems in children with severe enamel hypomineralization of their permanent first molars. Int J Paediatr Dent 2002;12:24-32.
Croll TP. Restorative options for malformed permanentmolars in children. Compend Cantin Educ Dent 2000;21:676-678, 680, 682.
