The first case of pneumonia of unknown origin was identified in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei Province situated in the Republic of China. The pathogenic organism that has been identified as a causative organism is a novel enveloped RNA betacoronavirus, which has been designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus has been found to have a similar phylogeny to SARS-CoV. The novel coronavirus or COVID-19 can be symptomized through clinical manifestations like pyrexia or fever, cough, dyspnea/difficulty in breathing, myalgia/muscle pain, and constant fatigue. COVID-19 can be transmitted through respiratory tract secretions. It mainly results in respiratory tract infections and the development of severe pneumonia in infected patients. Severe disease may ultimately cause death due to progressive respiratory failure. The coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 has been declared a public health emergency of international proportions by the World Health Organization (WHO). Thus, an analysis of cases might help in the identification of the disease's defining clinical characteristics, association with underlying lifestyle habits, and disease severity. This present article studied the probability of smoking and alcohol consumption in increasing the risk involved in increasing the severity of COVID-19 infection among affected subjects.

Introduction Dental operatories generate a large amount of biomedical waste, and improper management of this waste poses a threat to all sections of society. Hence, being a dental practitioner, one must ensure proper management and handling of health care waste. Aims and Objectives This study aims to assess the level of knowledge, attitude, and practices toward Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016, and Amendments, 2018 and 2019, among clinical undergraduates in dental colleges of the state of Punjab in India. Settings and Design A cross-sectional study. The study was performed among 845 clinical undergraduates in dental institutes of Punjab. Materials and Methods The methodologies used were descriptive statistics and nonparametric techniques using the Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc test. Results Only 47% dental students have adequate knowledge and 48% students show positive attitude toward biomedical waste management. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Whereas, only 34% students were practicing these rules in the correct manner and this is found to be statistically insignificant. Also, the city of Ludhiana is the model district for the implementation of the Environmentally Sound Management of Medical Wastes project by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and dental students of institutions involved in this project were found to be most aware about these rules among other institutes in Punjab. Conclusion The current study suggests that the knowledge and implementation of biomedical waste management practices among dental students in the state of Punjab are not adequate. It also suggests that including dental institutions in model projects of biomedical wastes will raise awareness regarding the same exponentially.

Background Pediatric zirconia crowns are metal free and more aesthetic and compatible option available for the full coronal coverage of the affected primary dentition. These crowns are not new to pediatric dentistry but usage is limited. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted among 200 general dental practitioners and were requested to answer a questionnaire. The questions were framed regarding the knowledge of pediatric dental procedures, aesthetic replacement in case of full coverage restorations, and zirconia crown's features and its use in the practice, and were evaluated. Results Results were based on features of zirconia crowns according to which 81.5% participants mentioned them as stainless steel alternative and 62% as biocompatible material. Clinical aspects evaluated the amount of occlusal reduction in case of zirconia crown tooth preparation as 1 to 1.5 mm by 72.5% of the participants. Appropriate type of finish line and type of margins advocated by the participants was chamfer and subgingival finish line, respectively, according 62.0% participants. Conclusion The use of zirconia crowns for replacement of lost tooth structure and post-pulp therapy helps in creating good-looking restorations which help children and adolescents to improve their self-image.

Introduction Amnion membrane (AM) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) have been used as Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR)-based root coverage procedures in treatment of gingival recession. The objective of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the coronally advanced flap (CAF) procedure in conjunction with AM versus CAF with PRF in patients with Miller's class I and II gingival recession defects (GRD). Materials and Methods The sample size (Miller's Class I and Class II GRD) consisted of 24 patients who were stratified into two groups randomly (12 for each group). Group A patients were treated by CAF with PRF and Group B patients were treated by CAF with AM. Clinical parameters comprising plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and GRD were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. Results The percentage of root coverage obtained in the study groups was 62% and 77%, respectively, for Groups A and B. Statistically significant difference was obtained in the clinical parameters (PPD, CAL, and GRD) of Group B, which was treated by CAF with AM. Conclusion Significant difference was found between Group A (CAF+ PRF) and Group B (CAF+ AM) membrane treated sites in reduction of PPD, gain in clinical attachment level, reduction of GRD from baseline to 3 months and baseline to 6 months, with more significant results seen with Group B.

Introduction Obtaining an appropriate impression of the implant position and surrounding soft and hard tissues is paramount to fabricating an esthetically and biologically functional definitive restoration. Materials and Methods An edentulous maxillary acrylic master model was chosen. Four dummy implants were drilled into this model from the first premolar to first premolar region at equal distance using a dental surveyor to ensure parallel placement of the implants. Ten samples, each made for open tray (Group A), closed tray direct (Group B), and closed tray indirect (Group C) techniques using polyvinylsiloxane, were poured in type IV dental stone and 30 samples were hence obtained. The linear distance between the four implants were measured using the profile projector for each of the cast. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. Observation and Results Inter-implant and inter-abutment linear distances were measured (in mm) for the master model and the samples for 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 4, and 1 to 4, and the maximum deviation was found in Group B. Conclusion The dimensional accuracy of casts obtained from closed tray indirect impression technique was the highest with linear distance values closest to the implant master model followed by open tray, and the least accuracy was found for closed tray direct impression technique.

Purpose To compare between values of condylar inclination obtained by protrusive interocclusal records using extraoral Gothic arch tracing with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan, and cephalometric and panoramic radiographs in edentulous patients. Materials and Methods Horizontal condylar guidance angle (HCGA) was measured using the extraoral Gothic arch tracing, CBCT, lateral cephalogram, and orthopantomogram (OPG) in 20 patients aged between 40 and 75 years. HCGAs were determined clinically using protrusive interocclusal records and semi-adjustable articulator after extraoral Gothic arch tracing. Radiographically, Frankfort horizontal plane was marked and a straight line joining the superior-most point and the inferior-most point of posterior slope of the articular eminence (AE) was drawn till the two lines met at an intersection. The angle at this intersection depicted the AE inclination and the angle was measured. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance test, multiple comparison was done using Tukey test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was compiled for different study parameters. Result A significant difference in condylar guidance was observed among different methods (p-value < 0.05), and significant positive correlations were observed among condylar guidance measured using distinct parameters. Conclusion It was concluded that horizontal condylar guidance (HCG) values with the radiographic technique were higher than the clinical method. It was observed that mean HCG values were higher by 6.4 degrees in CBCT, 6.7 degrees in OPG, and 9.9 degrees in lateral cephalogram as compared with the clinical value. It was also observed that there was a variation of condylar guidance up to 5 degrees between right and left sides.

Aim The aim of this study was to determine various routes of intubations in patients, based on the type of facio-maxillary procedures planned. Materials and Methods A prospective study in patients undergoing various oral and maxillofacial procedures between March 2021 and December 2021, who were included in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical Analysis Used Descriptive statistical analysis with SPSS 26 software. Results Total 33 cases were considered for the study among which it is seen that nasal intubation is the most commonly used route of intubation (n = 23; 69.7%) followed by oral (n = 5; 15.2%), fiberoptic (n = 3; 9.1%), submental (n = 1; 3%), and tracheostomy (n = 1; 3%). Most cases operated were of trauma (n = 19; 57.6%). Conclusion For better surgical access and visibility, proper selection of route of intubation is necessary given its proximity to the site of surgery. Although nasal route is the most commonly used route in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral, submental, fiberoptic, and tracheostomy are some of the routes whose application needs to be further researched.

The aim of this article is to discuss the sequelae of a missing tooth from normal series of dental arch and the importance of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in diagnosis and treatment planning in such cases. We also correlate the position of an impacted maxillary premolar as seen on panoramic radiography with CBCT. Routine imaging modalities like intraoral periapical, occlusal, and panoramic view often give inadequate information which can be misleading to the surgeon. Exact location of an impacted/missing tooth and its relation to dental and vital structures which was previously a challenge to assess by the clinician, can now be very well interpreted with CBCT. In this report, a case of impacted maxillary premolar is highlighted with its image on the panoramic radiograph, its exact location/position on CBCT, and how surgical removal was accomplished.

The aim of this article is to present the clinical application of leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) at immediately extracted site after the implant placement. A 37-year-old male patient reported to the Department of Prosthodontics, Bhojia Dental college Budh Baddi Dist Solan Himachal Pradesh 173205 with the chief complaint of decayed teeth in the posterior region and wants a fixed prosthesis. On the day of surgery, implants were placed in freshly extracted sockets along with the bone graft and L-PRF membrane. After 6 months of healing period, implant level impressions were made and final porcelain fused to metal crowns were given to the patient.

Immediate loading of dental implant in the anterior tooth region has been a growing trend and eliminates the compromised esthetics, function, discomfort, and inconvenience associated with traditional two-stage implant procedures. This case report presents the clinical application of implant placement with immediate loading using leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) in the anterior esthetic region. The implant was planned to rehabilitate in the anterior missing tooth region. As per the patient's desire, the implant was immediately loaded and L-PRF membrane was placed around the implant under local anesthesia on the day of surgery. The use of L-PRF for the maintenance of crestal bone and soft tissue at the implant sites provided an adequate clinical condition for better esthetics.