Epigenetics is the study of potentially heritable changes in gene expression that does not involve changes in underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation in both normal and neoplastic development. Epigenetic changes may be inherited and can occur during embryonal development or after birth. Once the change in DNA methylation takes place, following cell division the altered pattern is transferred into daughter cells by the action DNA methyltransferase enzyme, which recognizes hemi-methylated sites and methylates newly synthesized DNA formed during replication. Recently, it has been suggested that aberrant DNA methylation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands is a common event in odontogenic tumors. Expression of DNA methyltransferase 1,3A,3B has been noted in various odontogenic tumors. Thus, this review aims to study the various epigenetic pathways that are altered in odontogenic tumors.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate adaptation of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine, and MTA Plus when used as root-end restorative materials using scanning electron microscope. Materials and Methods Forty-five extracted teeth with one root canal were cleaned and sectioned at cementoenamel junction, maintaining a standardized length of 15 mm. Chemomechanical preparation and obturation was done in all the samples, and access was restored with glass ionomer cement (GIC). Root-end cavities were prepared in all the samples after 3-mm apical root end was resected. Forty-five samples were divided into three groups with 15 samples each. Root apices were filled with ProRoot MTA in group I, Biodentine in group II, and MTA Plus in group III. The sample teeth were sectioned for examination of gaps at the margins using scanning electron microscope. The data collected were put to statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and post hoc tests. Results The minimum margin gap score of 2.44 μm was observed in group II (Biodentine), whereas maximum gap score of 5.63 μm was observed in group I (ProRoot MTA); 4.92 μm mean margin gap score was observed in group III (MTA Plus). Conclusion Biodentine showed least margin gap at the interface, so it can be considered as the best root-end filling material, whereas, MTA Plus can be considered as a substitute to ProRoot MTA as a root-end filling material.

Statement of Problem Acrylic teeth are preferred to porcelain teeth in dentures as they unite chemically with denture base resin, but their fracture from denture is common. Purpose The purpose of this study was to improve the bond strength of denture teeth to acrylic resin denture base by chemical or mechanical modification of the ridge lap surface of denture teeth. Materials and Methods Total 100 artificial cross-linked acrylic resin central incisors were divided into five groups: group A, 20 samples without modification (control group); group B, 20 samples (ridge lap surface of teeth treated with monomer); group C, 20 samples (ridge lap surface of teeth treated with monomer and the glaze layer removed with aluminum oxide abrasive stone); group D, 20 samples (ridge lap surface of teeth treated with dichloromethane); and group E, 20 samples (dichloromethane application followed by abrasion with aluminum oxide stone on ridge lap surface of teeth). They were mounted on wax blocks, and the blocks were acrylized. The bond strength values were obtained by subjecting the samples to shear compressive load under universal testing machine. Result The results were subjected to statistical analysis by applying analysis of variance and Bonferroni test for multiple group comparisons, and graphs were plotted. The mean value of bond strength was highest for group E (modified by aluminum oxide abrasion prior to dichloromethane application), followed by group C (modified by aluminum oxide abrasion prior to monomer application), group D (modified by dichloromethane application), group B (modified by monomer application), and lastly group A (control group). Significantly improved bond strength values were obtained in modified groups as compared with the control group. Conclusion Dichloromethane application followed by aluminum oxide abrasion provided the highest bond strength and is recommended to prevent debonding of the teeth from the denture base.

Objective The purpose of this in vivo study was to evaluate pain using different intracanal medicaments. Materials and Methods Seventy-five permanent single-rooted mandibular premolars with acute apical periodontitis were selected for this study. After access cavity preparation and cleaning and shaping of canals, patients were randomly divided into five groups with different intracanal medicaments viz calcium hydroxide paste, calcium hydroxide points, triple antibiotic paste, and Ledermix paste. Interappointment pain was recorded by the patient using visual analog scale after 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, and 6 days of intracanal medicament dressing. Results Ledermix paste showed highly significant results in reducing the interappointment pain as compared with calcium hydroxide paste, calcium hydroxide points, and triple antibiotic paste. Conclusion Patients with Ledermix as intracanal medicament had minimum interappointment pain.

Objective The purpose of this study was to find the prevalence of dental abnormalities in patients with third molar agenesis, and a comparison was made for the prevalence of those anomalies within the north Indian natives. Materials and Methods Pretreatment records of 518 patients were collected. Out of 518 patients whose records were analyzed, 472 patient records were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion standards. Panoramic radiographs and dental casts were analyzed in patients who had an absence of at least one third molar in which absence of any other tooth, presence of supernumerary teeth, presence of impacted canines, and peg-shaped lateral incisors were further assessed. The prevalence of these anomalies was compared with a randomly selected group of patients with presence of third molars that served as controls. Statistical analysis was done using the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and odds ratio. Results The incidence of third molar nondevelopment was found to be 19.2%. The presence of other anomalies was 39.5% in patients with third molar nondevelopment, and difference was statistically significant. The occurrence of impacted canines in patients with absence of third molars was 22%, and presence of third molars was 6.6%. The presence of other dental anomalies, that is, supernumerary teeth and tooth agenesis, was 7.7% in the agenesis group, which was also higher than that in the control group (3.3%) but was not statistically significant. The incidence of peg-shaped lateral incisors was similar in both the groups. Conclusion Impacted canines and total dental anomalies are more often related with absence of third molars than with the presence of third molars.

Objective The purpose of this study is to compare the crown-root and labial crown-root angles in class I, class II division (div) 1, and class II div 2 malocclusions, using cephalometric radiographs, and to find a correlation between crown-root angulation and labial crown-root angle. Materials and Methods A sample of 45 patients (23 females and 22 males) with age range from 11 to 27 years and mean age of 17 years was taken. The sample was divided into class I, class II div 2, and class II div 1 malocclusions with 15 patients in each group. The means for various parameters for each group were calculated, and multiple comparisons were made. For correlation of two parameters, Pearson's correlation was used for normally distributed data. Results Mean crown-root angle for class I was 5.8 ± 6.5; for class II div 1, it was 5.3 ± 4.2; and for class II div 2, it was 15.6 ± 9.69 degrees. Mean labial crown root angle for class I was 28.8 ± 5.8; for class II div 1, it was 27.06 ± 4.9; and for class II div 2, it was 39.8 ± 9.8 degrees. Conclusions Statistically higher values were seen for crown-root angle and labial crown-root angle in class II div 2 malocclusion. A significant correlation was seen between crown-root angle and labial crown-root angle in class I, class II div 1, and class II div 2 malocclusion.

Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common congenital craniofacial malformations. It is associated with various problems such as difficulty in sucking, nasal regurgitation, hearing and speech problems, etc. Feeding is of primary and immediate concern for the growth of infants. In this case report, a 3-month-old female child diagnosed with Veau's class II cleft reported with the difficulty in sucking of milk and nasal regurgitation while feeding. To overcome this problem, a feeding plate was fabricated with simple impression method, which helped the infant feed and restore the proper weight required for cleft palate reconstructive surgery.

Ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) include large group of syndromes that are clinically and genetically heterogeneous and are identified by anomalies in structures of ectodermal origin. Hereditary ectodermal dysplasia is a condition associated with defect of structures originating from ectoderm and is typically inherited as cross-linked recessive trait, more pronounced in males than in females. The frequency of different ectodermal dysplasias in a given population is highly variable. It is estimated to be 7 in 1,000 births. This case report is presented with an objective to show two patients, siblings, with ED. Both presented with classic symptoms of anodontia, hypohidrosis, and hypotrichosis.

For improvement in longevity of complete denture prosthesis in place of conventional poly methyl methacrylate denture base material, metal denture base is used to rehabilitate complete edentulous maxillary arch as it helps in preventing resorption of residual ridges and improves fracture resistance, better dimensional stability, more accuracy, less weight, and better retention of prosthesis. For better prognosis there are many factors, but major factors such as retention, stability, and support are more important. Metal denture base leads to improvement in physical properties of the prosthesis.

Soft-tissue growths of the oral cavity offer a diagnostic dilemma because of the pathologic processes produced by such lesions. Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is one such soft-tissue swelling that originates from the reactive inflammatory course in which an exuberant fibrovascular expansile growth of the connective tissue of the skin or mucous membrane occurs. This case report documents a rare case in which the size and the site of the PG were different from the usual. The treatment included the extraction of the involved tooth in addition with the surgical removal of the lesion. The present case report demonstrates that the treatment of choice varies according to individual case after the adequate analysis of clinical and radiographic findings and should be managed appropriately to minimize further reoccurrence of the lesion and postsurgical complications.